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The President of the United Nations Ban Ki Moon today announced the Bali, Indonesia Climate Change Conference "Worst Person in the World Award". The first prize, an all inclusive one week waterboarding adventure at Abu Ghraib prison was a hotly contested prize. When Senator John McCain was asked why the United States was not combatting global warming he blamed "special interest groups" which contribute to expensive political campaigns in exchange for political favors later. Senator Mike Gravel, who ended the Vietnam War was banned from all future Democratic Presidential debates for saying "Our Government is owned lock, stock and barrel by the Military Industrial Companies." The Iraq War has been a tremedous source of gold, profit, for the war monger corporations and oil companies.

Climate Change is a euphemism for "planetary poisoning leading to the extinction of all life on earth forever". Human beings are a species of animal composed of air, water and earth. The massive burning of oil by human beings to drive their SUV's is poisoning the earth's air, water and earth to the point where the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat from the poisoned earth will soon become so deadly that we will all soon die like Michael Vick's dogs simply by breathing air, drinking water, and eating food from the soil. Poison air, water and earth are already causing millions of prolonged agonizing deaths from cancer. This has been a tremendous source of gold, profit, for the pharmaceutical companies. Keep that in mind as you are retching your guts out from chemotherapy.

Human beings have become so sophisticated, so educated, that they have forgotten that they drop dead from poison, from venomous snake bites and from kool aid. As we merrily go about like Santa's elves building our own worldwide gas chamber, recall that even Hitler didn't feel the need to poison the water or the earth in his gas chambers; poisoning the air was sufficient for Hehr Fuhrer. The thing about poison is it doesn't care what your religion or skin color is. At least snakes are not racist.

Humans are now in a race against time to stop poisoning themselves and each other to death. According to Ban Ki Moon at the Bali Climate Change Conference planetary poisoning will soon cause the earth's temperature to warm up to the point where the Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland will melt and the earth's one ocean will rise permanently by 100 feet. Ground Zero will be permanently at the bottom of the ocean. Denver will be prime beachfront property. Driving on our present course, the heating of the earth will cause the earth's mountain glaciers to melt and therefore the earth's rivers to run dry as their source of water disappears. This will solve the Israeli Palestinian problem because when Mount Hermon's glacier and the Himalayan glacier melts the Jordan and Euphrates Rivers will run dry and the people will die of thirst and famine.

Ban Ki Moon told the Bali Climate Change Conference that this will result in starving nuclear armed nations going to war over water and the remaining soil that has not either been turned into desert or submerged under 100 feet of water. The resulting nuclear world war followed by worldwide nuclear winter then ultraviolet summer will cause a radioactive cloud of poison to blot out the sun for one year and turn all of earth's water into permanently radioactive poison. The simple solution to these Hellish problems is that starting tomorrow everyone on earth stops driving cars and burning oil (gasoline) to drive them.

Our ancestors got along fine without cars for 5 million, 5,000,000 years without cars until 125 years ago. If we give up cars today then life on earth will go on for another 5 billion years. If we do not give up cars then life on earth will go extinct forever in the next few years as we fight nuclear world wars over oil and water. Every nuclear scientist knows that nuclear world war III will have no survivors. We are all about to drown under 100 feet of radioactive soup. During the one year of nuclear winter the radioactive cloud will eat away all of the earth's ozone, which when pressed together is only one penny thick. When the ozone is gone we will have ultraviolet summer. Without ozone to protect us from the nuclear rays of the sun lead will melt on the earth's surface as it does on Venus, where women come from.

The only way to win nuclear world war III is to prevent it and the only way to prevent it is for all of us to give up our cars permanently today. We can all go back to walking and riding horses and camels as we watch the air, water and earth clear up, and think of the Hell we avoided. Ban Ki Moon told the Bali Climate Change Conference that what we are about to experience is worse than any horror science fiction movie because it is real.

Human beings suffer from the same problem as politicians. George Bush's term in office is only 8 years. The average human being's term on earth is around 75 years. George Bush is thinking "Let Hillary Clinton deal with this mess" and human beings are thinking "Our kids will figure this out, everyone has to die anyways."

Unfortunately George Bush and Hillary Clinton are puppets for the American Petroleum Institute and the Warmonger corporations, which also own the media, which is the reason that people don't see the train barreling towards them and their children. Bill and Hillary Clinton never ratified Kyoto and just based on that they should be banned from the White House permanently. George Bush hired some Exxon Mobil oil lawyer to doctor scientific reports at the White House to say that planetary poisoning is good for us all. Just based on that alone George Bush is now facing a charge of treason brought forward by the female polar bears now forced to eat their children.

The United States of America guzzles 20 million barrels of oil every day, 10 million imported. Next on the list is China at 5 million then Russia at 2 million and most of the 190 countries on earth burn a few thousand barrels of oil per day. It is common knowledge that the Saudi bin Laden family financed George Bush's oil company. It is also common knowledge that George Bush Sr. called the environmentalists "the spotted owl crowd" and sits on the board of the Saudi House of Saud. Today at the Bali Climate Change Conference Ban Ki Moon handed out the "Bali Worst Person in the World Award" to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al Naimi who narrowly edged out George Bush.

Saudi Oil Minister Ali al Naimi won the award by saying, "The world should make the most of its huge reserves (50 years) of fossil fuels (coal and oil). The trend towards a move away from fossil fuel consumption as a means of addressing climate change does not represent a practical alternative to reducing greenhouse gas emissions." Actually, it's the only way. The question we all face now is do we go on insanely burning oil for another 50 years, at which point there will be no more oil and we will have to stop anyway, if anyone is still here, or do we stop driving our cars permanently today, and save life on earth from going extinct at our hands? If the climate can change then we can change.

Karen Fish is a writer currently living in Los Angeles California.The Temple of Love http://www.thetempleoflove.com

Karen Fish

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The current cooling technology has permeated almost every production technology, scientific research, and to improve the quality of human life play a significant role. Can be said that modern technological advances from the refrigeration technology is unthinkable. In order for air conditioning companies air conditioning technicians keep abreast of the latest refrigeration technology, this nearly related to air conditioning and refrigeration technology during the literature based on the main contents of which a comprehensive report for your reference. 1, Progress refrigerant Overall, the refrigerant can be divided into two stages of development process, the first stage is from natural materials to synthetic materials; then refrigerant second phase of the development of a return to natural materials Jiangzai. Early refrigerant is readily available in nature or system to take the substances, such as ether, ammonia, CO2 and so on. But these early refrigerant eventually because less efficient refrigeration equipment is huge, so there was a better thermal performance of Freon refrigerants, the last 50 years in the 20th century out of conventional cooling systems. 1929 in the United States to synthesize GM R12, soon after the R11, R22 series of halogenated hydrocarbons such as freon compounds, because of its excellent thermodynamic properties, non-toxic, non-burning, extremely stable nature, it is fast becoming the leading refrigerant, was a large number of production and use, such as household refrigerators, automobile air-conditioning, mini refrigerator are using R12, to the seventies of the 20th century, including refrigerants, foaming agents, including a variety of halogenated hydrocarbons in production of hundreds of tons, and has continued to rise. However, Freon is a very stable chemical properties of synthetic material, when they evaporate into the atmosphere after a long time will not be decomposed in nature, but has spread to the stratosphere, 11km to 45km in the atmosphere with the temperature Department meet with the ozone layer, as in the stratosphere by the intense solar ultraviolet radiation, chlorine Freon molecules (known as CFCs, the English abbreviation for the CFC) will decompose free chlorine atoms and chlorine atoms can be catalytic decomposition of ozone molecules in the reaction of chlorine atoms are released continuously, so the ongoing decomposition, chlorine atom to the destruction of the ozone layer, thinning until disappear. Because fluoride is widely used too expensive, leading to the ozone hole over Antarctica in recent years expanded; and was reported in China over the Tibetan Plateau is also the ozone hole appeared, therefore, imperative to replace Freon refrigerant. 2, an alternative technology in the international R22 In successfully CFC alternatives, people more attention is devoted to HCFC. Undoubtedly bear the brunt of which is the refrigeration and air conditioning industry, the most widely used HCFC in the R22,, the refrigerant since its inception in 1936, with its excellent overall performance on sweeping the refrigeration sector, and in the design, manufacture, operation, maintenance has accumulated a wealth of successful experience. However, due to the role of R22 on the ozone layer depletion and the greenhouse effect higher value of an international conference in Copenhagen in 1992 to include a step by step to disable the scope of an international conference in Vienna in 1995 under its program for the disabled, in accordance with the performance requirements, China should be July 1, 1999 to freeze CFC consumption of substances from 1995 to 1997 average level, 50% reduction by 2005, 2010, all out. Strictly speaking, have not found any better than the performance of a single refrigerant R22 refrigerant. At present, the main alternative refrigerant R22, including HFCS class working fluid and a natural refrigerant. While HFCS class quality of work has been more mature, composed by the HFCS class of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture of theory, different boiling points of each component can be used to achieve Lorentz cycle, improve the efficiency of refrigeration cycle, but the HFCS class working fluid remains some of the GWP value (Global warming potential), and the R22 does not use mineral oil miscibility, compatibility with the synthetic oil to use, and with desiccant, seal materials and other materials compatibility also requires further study, So more and more people turn their attention to natural refrigerants. The greatest advantage of natural refrigerants in its GWP value and the ODP (ODP) value of about 0, no impact on the environment and have excellent thermal performance and economy, now more mature kind of refrigerants including R407C , R32/134a, R410a, R134a, and hydrocarbons R1270 so.

Hair sprays keep hair in place and protect it from moisture. They are used by both men and women to look good and presentable. But are they safe to use? Do they have any side effects?

The old types of hair sprays were made of lacquer (shellac dissolved in alcohol) while the newer ones contain polymer or elastesse ??" a liquid elastic that keeps the hair stiff and firm without snapping. Other ingredients are a solvent (often alcohol), conditioners and perfumes.

Aerosol sprays have propellants. Those used in the past were chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 which are not flammable. However, both were banned by the US Food and Drug Administration because of the threat they pose to the Earth's ozone layer.

Ozone is a form of oxygen which protects us from the harmful rays of the sun. The ozone layer is found about 30 miles above the earth and blocks the sun's ultraviolet rays which are responsible for sunburn and skin cancer.

Scientists believe the use of hair sprays is a factor in the thinning of the ozone layer. This, they said, explains why skin cancer has become more common and why sunbathing is more harmful now than before.

Because it is very unstable, ozone is easily destroyed by pollutants like methane, nitrogen, oxides and chlorofluoro¬carbons (or CFCS for short). The latter was widely used in aerosol cans, air conditioners, refrigerators, cleaning solvents and plastic foams.

In view of this, manufactures have sub¬stituted CFCs with other propellants but that doesn't make hair sprays safe either. The reason: the new propellant gasses are flammable and may explode in your face. They should never be used when you're smoking or around an open flame.

"Hair sprays may make your hair more flammable both by depositing a layer of potentially flammable ingredients and by increasing the amount of flame-supporting oxygen cir¬culating through your (teased or bouffant) hair," according to Carol Ann Rinzler in "Cosmetics: What the Ads Don't Tell You."

"Hair spray is extremely flammable, more so before it is dry. The result of ignition is moderate to serious burns to the hair and upper torso, sometimes resulting in death," added the editors of Wikipedia.

The perfumes and films in some products can cause allergic reactions in the form of skin rashes, itchy, burning eyes and sneezing. In¬haling propellants can be fatal while plastic films can damage the eyes if you accidentally spray them.

The long-term use of hair sprays has also been linked to various lung conditions like thesaurosis - the accumulation of unusual amounts of normal or foreign sub¬stances in the body.

To be on the safe side, use hair sprays sparingly and in a large, well-ventilated room. To complement your beautiful hair use Lumnaderm, a whitening cream that eliminates freckles, unsightly age spots, sun spots, blemishes and hyperpigmentation. When used as directed, Lumnaderm will balance uneven skin tones and illuminate your skin. For more information, visit http://www.lumnaderm.com/.

The fact...The pristine beaches, rich natural resources, and awe-inspiring sceneries of Maldives may soon be off the map in a year's time, that is, if climate change is to carry on. The same thing may happen in Obando, Bulacan in the Philippines. As early as today, some barangays in Obando are submerged in knee-deep water all year round.

In China, 59 new water reservoirs are built to collect water from melting mountain glaciers in response to the impending water shortage in the country.

In Alaska, the spruce bark beetles are wreaking havoc all year long. Normally, these bugs appear only in warmer months. But because the hot season seem to get longer and longer each year, the beetle's feeding season has stretched to year-round, thus, leaving vast forest areas dreary and bleak.

Greenland and Antarctica are experiencing melting ice caps. This in turn results in rising sea levels and changes in ocean current, which causes tremendous climate changes such as a mini ice age in Western Europe.

The harsh reality...Whether we like it or not, climate change is evident in all parts of the world. There's no turning back now. At the rate storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural calamities are happening, the Earth can come into another life changing and Earth shattering evolution in the not so distant future.

It now rests on us to slow if not stop climate change. But the sad fact is many don't take this catastrophe seriously. Some think that it's up to the government to find solution to this problem. And worse, many still believe on urban myths about climate change and power consumption that seem to confuse rather than enlighten us.

What can you do to our world?With climate change now at our doorstep, it's time to debunk these urban myths and help reverse the looming catastrophe ahead.

Myth # 1: Household devices don't use any power when turned off Many modern appliances these days still use electricity even when using a power saver, put on standby mode or turned off. Unless you unplug the appliance, it will still consume electricity. So, unplug all your appliances from the power point when not in use.

Myth # 2: Nothing can be done about climate change. Any effort you do won't make a difference. It's already here. Contrary to popular belief, any small effort done by every individual accounts for a huge percentage of energy saved and thwarted pollution. In fact, reducing power consumption at home (with the use of power saver or other energy saving devices) can make a huge impact on reducing carbon pollution in the atmosphere. Walking, car pooling, or biking instead of driving can also greatly reduce carbon emission.

Myth # 3: Saving energy is very costlyIt doesn't cost anything to switch off your appliance when not in use. It doesn't even cost anything to walk or bike to your destination. In fact, you save a lot from such acts while keeping yourself healthy.

As a footnote...

Climate change is here, that's a fact. The harsh reality is little effort is done to impede it. But the power is in our hands. Every little effort we do at home, at work, or even in ourselves can make a huge difference in slowing down this catastrophe.

There are two basic types of paint to choose from: water-based paints, often referred to as acrylic emulsions, and solvent-based paints. High-quality water-based paints offer not just an excellent all-round performance profile, they are also a good choice from an environmental perspective.

Solvent-based paints, the more traditional type of paint, require users to excercise a degree of caution to avoid potential damage to the environment.

Solvent-based paints are a source of potentially hazardous emissions called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), a family of substances that easily evaporate into the air to form invisible vapours.

When evaporating, the solvents contained in paint emit VOCs into the atmosphere. VOCs react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight to form ozone - "bad" ozone.

It is important to distinguish between "good" ozone and "bad" ozone.

"Good" ozone occurs naturally in the stratosphere about 10-35 kilometres above the ground, which protects the surface of the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays and acts to protect plants, animals and humans from its various harmful effects.

"Bad" ozone occurs at ground level, forms through the chemical reaction between VOCs, oxygen and sunlight, and is an irritant for the mucous membranes. It can also cause nose, eye, and throat irritations; and can lead to shortness of breath, coughing, and asthmatic symptoms.

This "bad" lower-atmosphere ozone can also damage vegetation - plants, trees, bushes - and such impacts negatively on those dependent on nature for their livelihood. This ozone also has a corrosive effect on certain man-made materials: for example, it accelerates the deterioration and fading of certain paints.

A further major consequence of VOC emissions is global warming - VOCs play a significant role with respect to the creation of the greenhouse effect. Further, some chemically very stable VOCs participate in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer (the "good ozone"): this is the famous hole in the ozone layer.

According to a study of the C.E.P.E (Conseil Europeens de L'Industrie des Peintures, des Encres, d'Imprimerie et des Couleurs d'Art) roughly 4 to 5 % of total VOC emissions are linked to the manufacture.

Copyright (c) 2010 Alison Withers

Measurable actions to combat climate change were expected from the December 2009 Climate change talks in Copenhagen but the result was a disappointment.

Now, however, the UN's appointment of Costa Rican Christiana Figueres as the new head of the Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC ) offers some hope that new energy will be injected into the process before its next meeting in Mexico in December 2010.

Almost 20 years ago the Rio Earth Summit first focused attention on the environmental damage human activity was causing the planet, though from as far back as the Stockholm Environmental Conference 1972 many of the problems had been on the inernational agenda.

Ms Figueres has a lot to do, much of it very quickly. Rebuilding confidence in the UN negotiation process before the Mexico summit is most urgent, as is trying to focus delegates' attention on the the increasing urgency of reaching global agreement on action.

Every day some new horror story emerges to underline the situation, most recently the UN's third Global Biodiversity Outlook report, which said that some ecosystems may soon reach "tipping points" which could include rapid dieback of forest, algal takeover of watercourses and mass coral reef death all of which, it warned, could soon begin to have an impact on national economies.

Actually it's economics that are at the heart of the climate change disagreements. They are listed in a discussion on the BBC's website by Maurice Strong, who was secretary general of the 1972 Swedish conference, and Felix Dodds, Executive Director of Stakeholder Forum.

They say that human societies are living beyond the planet's carrying capacity, with climate change emerging as an out-of-control driver of many of the world's environmental and economic crises.

One example of what this means to individual citizens is that basic needs like food have become ever more expensive as food scarcity threatens, particularly in developing countries. At the same time "green" consumers in the developed world are increasingly demanding natural, healthier food.

All this puts even greater pressure on the land to increase farm food production to feed a growing global population.

This situation is one good example of the way in which economics and the environment, in this case food production, are intimately connected and impacting on the climate change debate.

As part of their strategy to tackle environmental issues and climate change governments could invest in and agree globally on regulation to speed up the introduction of the new generation of low-chem, environmentally friendly agricultural products being created by Biopesticides Developers that could enable farmers to increase their land's yield sustainably and meet the demand for affordable healthy food. Some do, but not nearly enough and not in harmony with each other.

It all boils down to the competitive nature of the outdated economic model of continuous growth as the means to deliver fairness and prosperity to the disadvantaged that virtually all national governments still place their faith in.

Yet, as the global economic crisis should have warned us, it's plainly failed to deliver while the gap between rich and poor has grown despite governments' efforts.

The continuous growth model has been questioned since at least 1993, by Herman E. Daly and Kenneth N. Townsend (Sustainable Growth: An Impossibility Theorem) by Nobel Laureate and economist Amartya Sen, and Muhammad Yunus, also a Nobel Laureate and founder of the microcredit Grameen Bank in Bangladesh.

Most recently in the UK in 2009 Prof Tim Jackson Economics Commissioner for the Sustainable Development Commission, has written that a macro-economy predicated on continual expansion of debt-driven materialistic consumption is unsustainable ecologically, problematic socially, and unstable economically.

So Ms Figueres faces another, equally urgent challenge in Mexico - to get the world's leaders to focus on changing the unsustainable economic models that are threatening the environment and human survival.

It's to be hoped that a woman, and one from a smaller developing country, may be able to bring a new perspective and understanding that will finally shift the entrenched positions between developed, developing and emerging national economies that have brought the annual climate change negotiations to stalemate.

The 23rd Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) Member States winded up on Friday at the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki with a Joint Declaration on strengthening efforts to address climate change at a regional and international level.

Representatives of a total of 12 countries of the area who took part in the one-day event signed an agreement which will be submitted to the coming UN negotiations on climate change in Cancun, Mexico, in December, pledging a promising start in the Black Sea region.

Stressing that climate change is an international challenge which requires international solutions and represents an opportunity to turn to green economy, BSEC member states promised to step up regional cooperation to attract investments on environmentally friendly economy projects.

Participating countries also pledged to make every possible contribution to protect the environment on international level.

"The Declaration of Thessaloniki" as Greek Foreign Minister Dimitris Droutsas referred to the agreement on Friday, talking about a positive outcome of deliberations, is regarded as the culminating point of the Greek chairmanship of BSEC during the second half of 2010.

Under the motto "Black Sea turns Green" Greece promoted green economy as the best way to face the challenge of climate change.

Romanian Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi, whose country takes over the BSEC presidency on Jan. 1, promised that Romania will continue efforts to boost green development.

On the sidelines of the BSEC meeting, Droutsas also expressed the interest of Athens to host another meeting in 2014, when Greece will hold the rotating EU Presidency, on the European prospects of Western Balkans countries.

The 23rd Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) Member States winded up on Friday at the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki with a Joint Declaration on strengthening efforts to address climate change at a regional and international level.

Representatives of a total of 12 countries of the area who took part in the one-day event signed an agreement which will be submitted to the coming UN negotiations on climate change in Cancun, Mexico, in December, pledging a promising start in the Black Sea region.

Stressing that climate change is an international challenge which requires international solutions and represents an opportunity to turn to green economy, BSEC member states promised to step up regional cooperation to attract investments on environmentally friendly economy projects.

Participating countries also pledged to make every possible contribution to protect the environment on international level.

"The Declaration of Thessaloniki" as Greek Foreign Minister Dimitris Droutsas referred to the agreement on Friday, talking about a positive outcome of deliberations, is regarded as the culminating point of the Greek chairmanship of BSEC during the second half of 2010.

Under the motto "Black Sea turns Green" Greece promoted green economy as the best way to face the challenge of climate change.

Romanian Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi, whose country takes over the BSEC presidency on Jan. 1, promised that Romania will continue efforts to boost green development.

On the sidelines of the BSEC meeting, Droutsas also expressed the interest of Athens to host another meeting in 2014, when Greece will hold the rotating EU Presidency, on the European prospects of Western Balkans countries.

Climate change could have terrible side effects? and leave another 25 million children malnourished by 2050, unless heafty investments in adaptive measures are made, says a major new report.An annual US billion investment in agricultural productivity will be necessary to help farmers adapt and reduce the number of undernourished children to 'no climate change' levels, claims an International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) report.Combining crop models and climate change with IFPRI's economic model of world agriculture, it forecasts that calorie availability in 2050 will decrease relative to 2000 levels throughout the developing world.To Gerald Nelson, a senior research member at IFPRI, climate change will definitely dismiss improvement in child nourishment levels.The report adds that rice and wheat harvests will drop by 15 and 30 per cent respectively, from now to 2050. Moreover, prices are liable to boom, getting up to 121 per cent for rice, 194 per cent for wheat and 153 per cent for maize. Developing countries, especially those in South Asia and Africa, are supposed to experience the toughest times."Climate change places new and more challenging demands on agricultural productivity," claims the report. Hence developing new ways out of the crisis : "crop and livestock productivity-enhancing research including biotechnology will be essential to help overcome stresses due to climate change."Actually, both new and pre-existing technologies must be put into effect to offset the effects of climate change.The report advises farmers to focus on crops and livestock that do "reasonably well" in a set of environments rather than those that thrive extremely well with more drastic climatic conditions. It also highlights that investment should both further irrigation infrastructure and rural infrastructure - for instance, by creating better road networks to ease access to markets. This is the key to <http://humanityy.com>sustainable development<http://humanityy.com/> !"Our results are that about 40 per cent of the total [investment] should be in Sub-Saharan Africa and much of that on rural roads," said Gerald Nelson.He goes on : "climate change makes the challenge [of meeting food demands] much harder. The good news is that policymakers around the world are now paying much more attention. But it is not only about financial resources. Policymakers everywhere need to work to provide farmers with a favourable environment, providing public goods like good road systems, better technologies and more transparent taxing and spending programmes."

A vehicles engine heat can reach temperatures of up to 600 degrees, which may cause the oil in the engine to vaporize. Combine that with the metal shavings, debris, and sludge that sometimes enters an engines' oil overtime and it is easy to see that it takes quite a beating. For this reason, it is essential to take your vehicle in for regular oil change services from a reputable car care center.

An engine oil viscosity refers to the overall thickness of the lubricant and is an indicator of how well it coats the parts of the engine under significantly hot and cold temperatures. The type of motor oil you have placed in your vehicle will determine how well the oil works under certain weather conditions. You are going to want your car care center to use high quality products when performing maintenance, repair, or replacement services on your vehicle to ensure your vehicle will operate at peak performance.

Engine oil is a very important component for the engine because it keeps the internal parts lubricated. Many metal parts in an engine constantly grind against one another and without adequate amounts of motor oil; extreme heat and combustion can be created. The extreme heat and combustion can cause severe damage to the engine. Not having enough oil or using the wrong oil can cause the parts of the engine to be vulnerable to premature wear and oxidation. Taking your vehicle in to a professional car care center is the best way to ensure your engine has proper oil levels. Through an inspection, a well-trained technician can determine the type of motor oil that will work best for your vehicle.

If it is time to take your car in for an oil change, or you are unsure of the last time your oil was changed, it is best to take your vehicle in for an inspection at a reputable car service center. Whether or not you are a responsible driver, every vehicle is going to need this very important maintenance service. Getting your oil changed regularly is the best way to maximize the driving potential for your vehicle. Most automobile manufactures have given vehicle owners recommendations on when it would be best for them to get the oil changed in their vehicle. This information is usually determined by a certain amount of miles the car owner drives or the amount of time they drive that vehicle.

You can also obtain better gas mileage by simply getting regularly scheduled oil change services. When there is clean oil in the engine it boosts functionality of your engine and the surrounding parts of your vehicle and thus optimizes operating potential. If you want to keep your vehicle running smoothly and increase the functioning of your vehicle, take it in to get the oil changed regularly. Call or stop by a locally and nationally recognized car shop for an inspection. The staff should be on hand to answer all of your car related questions on the services they provide such as payment options, coupons and discounts, detailed information on their services and more.

(1525, 'Physical properties br The ideal refrigerant has good thermodynamic properties is unreactive chemically and safe The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below the target temperature a high heat of vaporization a moderate density in liquid form a relatively high density in gaseous form and a high critical temperature Since boiling point and gas density are affected by pressure refrigerants may be made more suitable for a particular application by choice of operating pressure These properties are ideally met by the chlorofluorocarbons br Corrosion properties are a matter of materials compatibility with the mechanical components compressor piping evaporator and condenser Safety considerations include toxicity and flammability br History br Until concerns about depletion of the ozone layer arose in the 1980s the most widely used refrigerants were the halomethanes R 12 and R 22 with R 12 being more common in automotive air conditioning and small refrigerators and R 22 being used for residential and light commercial air conditioning refrigerators and freezers Some very early systems used R 11 because its relatively high boiling point allows low pressure systems to be constructed reducing the mechanical strength required for components New production of R 12 ceased in the United States in 1995 and R 22 is to be phased out by 2020 R 134a and certain blends are now replacing chlorinated compounds One popular 50 50 blend of R 32 and R 125 now being increasingly substituted for R 22 is R410A often marketed under the trade name Puron Another popular blend of R 32 R 125 and R 134a with a higher critical temperature and lower GWP than R 410A is R 407C While the R 22 and other ozone depleting refrigerants are being phased out they still have value and can be easily sold br Following the ban on CFCs and HCFCs substances used as substitute refrigerants such as FCs and HFCs have also come under criticism They are currently subject to prohibition discussions on account of their harmful effect on the climate In 1997 FCs and HFCs were included in the Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change In 2006 the EU adopted a Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases which makes stipulations regarding the use of FCs and HFCs with the intention of reducing their emissions The provisions do not affect climate neutral natural refrigerants br Early mechanical refrigeration systems employed sulfur dioxide gas or anhydrous ammonia with small home refrigerators primarily using the former Being toxic sulfur dioxide rapidly disappeared from the market with the introduction of chlorofluorocarbons Ammonia R717 has been used in industrial refrigeration plants for more than 130 years and is deemed to be environment friendly economical and energy efficient The natural refrigerant carbon dioxide R744 has a similarly long tradition in refrigeration technology br Occasionally one may encounter older machines which used other transitional refrigerants such as methyl formate chloromethane or dichlormethane called carrene in the trade Perhaps the most common of these to still retain a charge are the methyl formate Monitor Top refrigerators produced by General Electric br Use of highly purified propane as a refrigerant is gaining favor especially in systems designed for R 22 Moreover propane is nontoxic An odorant such as ethyl mercaptan can be added in trace amounts to alert persons of system leaks br Uses br Natural refrigerants such as ammonia carbon dioxide and non halogenated hydrocarbons preserve the ozone layer and have no ammonia or only a low carbon dioxide hydrocarbons global warming potential They are used in air conditioning systems for buildings in sport and leisure facilities in the chemical pharmaceutical industry in the automotive industry and above all in the food industry production storage retailing New applications are opening up for natural refrigerants for example in vehicle air conditioning br Emissions from automotive air conditioning are a growing concern because of their impact on climate change From 2011 on the European Union will phase out refrigerants with a global warming potential GWP of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning GWP 100 year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO2 This will ban potent greenhouse gases such as the refrigerant HFC 134ahich has a GWP of 1410o promote safe and energy efficient refrigerants One of the most promising alternatives is the natural refrigerant CO2 R 744 Carbon dioxide is non flammable non ozone depleting has a global warming potential of 1 but is toxic and potentially lethal in concentrations above 5 by volume R 744 can be used as a working fluid in climate control systems for cars residential air conditioning hot water pumps commercial refrigeration and vending machines br Disposal br As of July 1 1992 it is illegal to release refrigerants into the atmosphere intentional or accidental because they can cause severe damage to the ozone layer When CFCs are removed they should be recycled to clean out any contaminants and return it to a usable condition Refrigerants should never be mixed together Some CFCs must be managed as hazardous waste even if recycled and special precautions are required for their transport depending on the legislation of the country s government br Refrigerants by class br Refrigerants may be divided into three classes according to their manner of absorption or extraction of heat from the substances to be refrigerated br Class 1 This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling using the refrigerant s latent heat br Class 2 These refrigerants cool by temperature change or sensible heat the quantity of heat being the specific heat capacity x the temperature change They are air calcium chloride brine sodium chloride brine alcohol and similar nonfreezing solutions The purpose of Class 2 refrigerants is to receive a reduction of temperature from Class 1 refrigerants and convey this lower temperature to the area to be air conditioned br Class 3 This group consists of solutions that contain absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating media These solutions function by nature of their ability to carry liquefiable vapors which produce a cooling effect by the absorption of their heat of solution They can also be classified into many categories br Main article List of refrigerants br The R numbering system was developed by DuPont and systematically identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made with a single halogenated hydrocarbon The meaning of the codes is as follows br Adding 90 to the number gives three digits which stands for the number of carbon hydrogen and fluorine atoms respectively br Remaining bonds not accounted for are occupied by chlorine atoms br A suffix of a lower case letter a b or c indicates increasingly unsymmetrical isomers br As a special case the R 400 series is made up of zeotropic blends those where the boiling point of constituent compounds differs enough to lead to changes in relative concentration because of fractional distillation and the R 500 series is made up of so called azeotropic blends The rightmost digit is assigned arbitrarily by ASHRAE an industry organization br For example R 134a has 4 fluorine atoms 2 hydrogen atoms 2 carbon atoms with an empirical formula of tetrafluoroethane The a suffix indicates that the isomer is unbalanced by one atom giving 1 1 1 2 Tetrafluoroethane R 134 without the a suffix would have a molecular structure of 1 1 2 2 Tetrafluoroethane compound not especially effective as a refrigerant br The same numbers are used with an R prefix for generic refrigerants with a Propellant prefix e g Propellant 12 for the same chemical used as a propellant for an aerosol spray and with trade names for the compounds such as Freon 12 Recently a practice of using HFC for hydrofluorocarbons CFC for chlorofluorocarbons and HCFC for hydrochlorofluorocarbons has arisen because of the regulatory differences among these groups br Blends br R 401A is a HCFC zeotropic blend of R 32 R 152a and R 124 It is designed as a replacement for R 12 br R 404A is a HCFC nearly azeotropic blend of 52 wt R 143a 44 wt R 125 and 4 wt R 134a It is designed as a replacement of R 22 and R 502 CFC Its boiling point at normal pressure is 46 5 C its liquid density is 0 485 g cm3 br R 406A is a zeotropic blend of 55 wt R 22 4 wt R 600a and 41 wt R 142b br R 407A is a HCFC zeotropic blend of 20 wt R 32 40 wt R 125 and 40 wt R 134a br R 407C is a zeotropic hydrofluorocarbon blend of R 32 R 125 and R 134a The R 32 serves to provide the heat capacity R 125 decreases flammability R 134a reduces pressure br R 408A is a zeotropic HCFC blend of R 22 R 125 and R 143a It is a substitute for R 502 Its boiling point is 44 4 C br R 409A is a zeotropic HCFC blend of R 22 R 124 and R 142b Its boiling point is 35 3 C Its critical temperatiure is 109 4 C br R 410A is a near azeotropic blend of R 32 and R 125 The US Environmental Protection Agency recognizes it as an acceptable substitute for R 22 in household and light commercial air conditioning systems It appears to have gained widespread market acceptance under several trade names br R 500 is an azeotropic blend of 73 8 wt R 12 and 26 2 wt of R 152a br R 502 is an azeotropic blend of R 22 and R 115 br See also br List of refrigerants br Refrigerant reclamation br References br Siegfried Haaf Helmut Henrici efrigeration Technology in Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley VCH DOI 10 1002 14356007 b03_19 br eurammon information paper No 1 Retrieved on 2 October 2009 PDF English br www eurammon com Retrieved on 7 October 2009 English br CO2 as a refrigerant in different applications br http www epa gov ozone geninfo numbers html nonhalons br http www refrigerants com hcfc R401A htm HCFC R401A br http cameochemicals noaa gov chemical 26023 Refrigerant gas R 404A br http cameochemicals noaa gov chemical 26024 Refrigerant gas R 407A br br Mixed refrigerants R 408A page br Mixed refrigerants R 409A page br http www epa gov Ozone snap refrigerants lists homeac html br Web search br External links br US Environmental Protection Agency page on the GWPs of various substances br Fluorocarbons as Refrigerants br Categories Heating ventilating and air conditioning Refrigerants')